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Both scrollbars in the scrolled window have associated GtkAdjustment objects. These adjustments are used to track the current position and range of a scrollbar. However, you will not need to directly access the adjustments in most cases. typedef struct { gdouble value; gdouble upper; gdouble lower; gdouble step_increment; gdouble page_increment; gdouble page_size; } GtkAdjustment; A scrollbar s GtkAdjustment holds information about scroll bounds, steps, and its current position. The value variable is the current position of the scrollbar between the bounds. This variable must always be between the lower and upper values, which are the bounds of the adjustment. The page_size is the area that can be visible on the screen at one time, depending on the size of the widget. The step_increment and page_increment variables are used for stepping when an arrow is pressed or when the Page Down key is pressed. Figure 7-1 is a screenshot of the window created with the code in Listing 7-1. Both scrollbars are enabled, because the table containing the buttons is larger than the visible area.

Testing is a key tenet of any type of engineering, and software engineering is no different. Because software needs to be fully retested on every new build, the act of executing test cases can be slow and error-prone if done by hand. Creating automated tests is an accepted best practice, and ASP.NET MVC eases this effort. 20 covered full-system testing and the specific techniques necessary to test an ASP.NET MVC application. This chapter moves beyond the most important type of testing, full-system testing, to more targeted tests that point directly to problem areas when unexpected churn occurs in the code base. Because controllers are normal classes and actions are merely methods, we can load and execute actions and then examine the results. But even though testing controllers is simple, we must consider an important caveat. When we test a controller action, we re only able to write assertions for the behavior we can observe. The true test of a working application is running it in a browser, and there are

Figure 7-1. A scrolled window and viewport that are synchronized Listing 7-1 shows how to use scrolled windows and viewports. As a scrollbar is moved, the viewport will scroll as well, because the adjustments are synchronized. Try to resize the window to see how the scrollbars react to becoming larger and smaller than the child widget.

For each of these threats, you should have prevention, detection, containment, and recovery measures listed in the rows of the table to work toward truly employing defense-in-depth You can use various countermeasures to achieve defense-in-depth, and write the ones that you are using in the cells of the table For instance, you could use image authentication to prevent phishing attacks (see Section 969) You could also use techniques to contain the possible effect of phishing attacks For instance, if you re securing a bank, you might avoid enabling online bill payment by default for your customers, and instead require them to call into the bank to enable bill payment for the first time In addition, you can look for anomalous bill payment requests (eg, for more than a certain dollar amount to a newly added payee).

significant differences between viewing a page in a browser and asserting results in a controller action test. First, we don t know if a particular URL will even end up executing our controller unless we test it. We can make sure that the correct view is chosen, but we can t assert that the correct view is shown at runtime. We can assert that we put correct information into ViewData, but we can t ensure that the view uses all the information we give it. We also can t assert that all possible controller code paths place the necessary objects into ViewData. With action filters, it s quite possible that a view will need data that isn t present. Controller action tests don t run the entire MVC engine, so things like action filters aren t executed. Although action unit tests add value, they don t replace end-to-end application-level testing.

Listing 7-1. Using Scrolled Windows (scrolledwindows.c) #include <gtk/gtk.h> int main (int argc, char *argv[]) { GtkWidget *window, *swin, *viewport, *table1, *table2, *vbox; GtkAdjustment *horizontal, *vertical; GtkWidget *buttons1[10][10], *buttons2[10][10]; unsigned int i, j; gtk_init (&argc, &argv); window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL); gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "Scrolled Windows & Viewports"); gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (window), 10); gtk_widget_set_size_request (window, 500, 400); g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "destroy", G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit), NULL); table1 = gtk_table_new (10, 10, TRUE); table2 = gtk_table_new (10, 10, TRUE); gtk_table_set_row_spacings (GTK_TABLE (table1), gtk_table_set_row_spacings (GTK_TABLE (table2), gtk_table_set_col_spacings (GTK_TABLE (table1), gtk_table_set_col_spacings (GTK_TABLE (table2),

This chapter will dive into writing automated unit tests for some of the most common bits of code you ll write in an ASP.NET MVC application. We ll begin by exploring how to create automated test cases for routes.